Egypt’s scientific research system yields impressive output—44,000 papers in 2022 and 180,000 researchers—yet lags in quality, funding, and impact. Despite constitutional mandates, public R&D expenditure remains at just 0.07% of GDP.
Scientific Research in Egypt: Abundant…
Egypt’s scientific research system yields impressive output—44,000 papers in 2022 and 180,000 researchers—yet lags in quality, funding, and impact. Despite constitutional mandates, public R&D expenditure remains at just 0.07% of GDP.